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Schema (psychology)
In psychology and cognitive science, a schema (plural ''schemata'' or ''schemas'') describes an organized pattern of thought or behavior that organizes categories of information and the relationships among them.〔DiMaggio, P. (1997). Culture and cognition. Annual Review Of Sociology, 23263-287. doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.23.1.263〕 It can also be described as a mental structure of preconceived ideas, a framework representing some aspect of the world, or a system of organizing and perceiving new information.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.psyctherapy.com/Enrolled/glossaryBody1.htm )〕 Schemata influence attention and the absorption of new knowledge: people are more likely to notice things that fit into their schema, while re-interpreting contradictions to the schema as exceptions or distorting them to fit. Schemata have a tendency to remain unchanged, even in the face of contradictory information. Schemata can help in understanding the world and the rapidly changing environment.〔Nadkarni, S., & Narayanan, V. K. (2007). Strategic schemas, strategic flexibility, and firm performance: The moderating role of industry Cclockspeed. ''Strategic Management Journal'', 28(3), 243-270. doi:10.1002/smj.576〕 People can organize new perceptions into schemata quickly as most situations do not require complex thought when using schema, since automatic thought is all that is required.〔
People use schemata to organize current knowledge and provide a framework for future understanding. Examples of schemata include academic rubrics, social schemas, stereotypes, social roles, scripts, worldviews, and archetypes. In Piaget's theory of development, children construct a series of schemata to understand the world.
==History==
Before psychology separated from philosophy, the term "schema" was prominently discussed in philosophy by Immanuel Kant.〔Nevid, J. S. (2007). Kant, cognitive psychotherapy, and the hardening of the categories. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 80(4), 605-615. doi:10.1348/147608307X204189〕
Early developments of the idea in psychology emerged with the gestalt psychologists and Jean Piaget: the term "schema" was introduced by Piaget in 1926. The concept was introduced into psychology and education through the work of the British psychologist Frederic Bartlett, who drew on the term body schema used by neurologist Henry Head. It was expanded into schema theory by educational psychologist Richard C. Anderson.〔 Since then, other terms have been used to describe schema such as "frame", "scene" and "script".
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